Structured trade knowledge covering terms, processes, regulations, and practice.
COO certifies where goods were made — enables FTA duty rates and satisfies import regulations.
Proforma = offer/PI for payment trigger; Commercial = declared value for clearance.
Export declaration is the legal customs filing before cargo exits — ties to HS, value, and license checks.
Written contract binds price, quality, delivery, payment, and governing law — PI alone is weak protection.
Cross-document mismatch is a top cause of customs holds, LC discrepancies, and duty re-valuation.
This article covers core concepts, practical steps, and common pitfalls for What is an Insurance Certificate?.
This article covers core concepts, practical steps, and common pitfalls for What is an Inspection Certificate?.
The commercial invoice declares goods value and sale terms for customs duty assessment and must match other export documents.
A packing list details packages, weights, and dimensions without prices — supporting customs, carriers, and warehouse receiving.
A proforma invoice is a preliminary quotation document used for payment, import license, and LC opening before shipment.